Effects Of Indoor Air Pollution Research Articles

Effects of indoor air pollution from household solid fuel use on the risk of gastrointestinal and liver diseases in middle aged and elderly adults

Solid fuels are widely used in China and increase the concentrations of indoor air pollutants. Nevertheless, there is limited longitudinal evidence linking solid fuel use and Gastrointestinal (GI) and liver diseases. This study aimed to prospectively investigate the association between household solid fuel use and the risk of GI and liver diseases in middle aged and elderly adults. This work was based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Longitudinal data incorporate with cross-sectional data were analyzed. Compared with individuals using clean fuel for cooking, solid fuel users were observed to have higher risk of GI diseases (OR in 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018 wave separately: 1.37, 95 % CI: 1.24–1.50, P < 0.001; 1.24, 95 % CI: 1.11–1.39, P < 0.001; 1.18, 95 % CI: 1.06–1.33, P < 0.001; 1.23, 95 % CI: 1.04–1.45, P < 0.05). The associations between solid fuel use and liver diseases were not significant in most of the groups. Participants transforming from solid to clean cooking fuels had lower risk of GI and liver diseases than persistent solid fuel users. Moreover, biomass cooking fuel users were at a significant higher risk of both liver and GI diseases compared with clean fuel users. Overall, household solid fuel use, especially for cooking, was related to higher risk of GI and liver diseases, while switching from solid to clean fuels could reduce this risk. Using biomass for cooking was identified to be more associated with the increasing risk of GI and liver diseases than cooking with coal.

Joint Effects of Indoor Air Pollution and Maternal Psychosocial Factors During Pregnancy on Trajectories of Early Childhood Psychopathology.

Prenatal indoor air pollution and maternal psychosocial factors have been associated with adverse psychopathology. We used environmental exposure mixture methodology to investigate joint effects of both exposure classes on child behavior trajectories. For 360 children from the South African Drakenstein Child Health Study, we created trajectories of Child Behavior Checklist scores (24, 42, 60 months) using latent class linear mixed effects models. Indoor air pollutants and psychosocial factors were measured during pregnancy (2nd trimester). After adjusting for confounding, single-exposure effects (per natural log-1 unit increase) were assessed using polytomous logistic regression models; joint effects using self-organizing maps (SOM), and principal component (PC) analysis. Three trajectories were chosen for both internalizing and externalizing problems, with "high" (externalizing) or "increasing" (internalizing) being the most adverse trajectories. High externalizing trajectory was associated with increased particulate matter (PM10) exposure (OR [95%-CI]: 1.25 [1.01,1.55]) and SOM exposure profile most associated with smoking (2.67 [1.14,6.27]). Medium internalizing trajectory was associated with increased emotional intimate partner violence (2.66 [1.17,5.57]), increasing trajectory with increased benzene (1.24 [1.02,1.51]) and toluene (1.21 [1.02,1.44]) and the PC most correlated with benzene and toluene (1.25 [1.02, 1.54]). Prenatal exposure to environmental pollutants and psychosocial factors was associated with internalizing and externalizing child behavior trajectories. Understanding joint effects of adverse exposure mixtures will facilitate targeted interventions to prevent childhood psychopathology.

Toxicity of particles derived from combustion of Ethiopian traditional biomass fuels in human bronchial and macrophage-like cells

The combustion of traditional fuels in low-income countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, leads to extensive indoor particle exposure. Yet, the related health consequences in this context are understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of combustion-derived particles relevant for Sub-Saharan household environments. Particles (< 2.5 µm) were collected using a high-volume sampler during combustion of traditional Ethiopian biomass fuels: cow dung, eucalyptus wood and eucalyptus charcoal. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP, NIST 2975) served as reference particles. The highest levels of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found in wood (3219 ng/mg), followed by dung (618 ng/mg), charcoal (136 ng/mg) and DEP (118 ng/mg) (GC–MS). BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells and THP-1 derived macrophages were exposed to particle suspensions (1–150 µg/mL) for 24 h. All particles induced concentration-dependent genotoxicity (comet assay) but no pro-inflammatory cytokine release in epithelial cells, whereas dung and wood particles also induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (Alamar Blue). Only wood particles induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophage-like cells, while dung particles were unique at increasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α). In summary, particles derived from combustion of less energy dense fuels like dung and wood had a higher PAH content and were more cytotoxic in epithelial cells. In addition, the least energy dense and cheapest fuel, dung, also induced pro-inflammatory effects in macrophage-like cells. These findings highlight the influence of fuel type on the toxic profile of the emitted particles and warrant further research to understand and mitigate health effects of indoor air pollution.

Impact of indoor Air Pollution on the Linear growth of children in Jimma, Ethiopia

BackgroundStunting in children is the term for reduced linear growth and development, which is frequently brought on by a persistently inadequate diet, recurrent infections and chronic diseases or poor health conditions. Apart from the classic covariates of stunting, which include diet and illness, the relative contribution of household air pollution to chronic nutrition conditions is least studied. Hence, this study is conducted to investigate the impact of household air pollution on the linear growth of under-five children in Jimma town, Ethiopia.MethodsA prospective cohort study was employed to collect data from 280 under-five children who lived in households using solid fuel (exposed group, n = 140) and clean fuel (unexposed group, n = 140). Height-for-age Z scores were compared in both groups over a 12-month follow-up period. The difference in differences estimators were used for comparison of changes in the height-for-age Z scores from baseline to end line in exposed and non-exposed groups. The independent effect of the use of solid fuels on height-for-age Z scores was analyzed through a multivariable linear regression model. Statistical Significances were declared at P < 0.05 and 95% CI level.ResultsIn an unadjusted model (Model 1), compared with the clean fuel type, the mean difference in the height-for-age Z score of children in households using solid fuel was lower by 0.54 (-0.54, 95% CI -0.97, -0.12, P = 0.011). The beta coefficient remained negative after adjusting for age and sex (Model 2 -0.543, 95% CI -1.373, -0.563) and sociodemographic variables (Model 3: -0.543, 95% CI -1.362, -0.575). In the final model (Model 4), which adjusted for wealth quantile, dietary practice, water, sanitation and hygiene status and household food insecurity access scale, the beta coefficient held the same and significant (beta: -0.543, 95% CI -1.357, -0.579, P < 0.001). Higher HAZ scores were observed among female child (β: = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.28, 0.69), Child with father attended higher education (β: = 0.304 95%CI: 0.304, 95% CI 0.19, 0.41) as compared to male gender and those who did not attend a formal education, respectively. In contrast, child living in households with poor hygiene practices had lower HAZ score (β: -0.226, 95% CI: -0.449, -0.003), P < 0.001.ConclusionsExposure to indoor air pollution was inversely related to linear growth. Furthermore, sex, educational status and hygiene were found relevant predictors of linear growth. In such a setting, there is a need to step up efforts to design and implement public education campaigns regarding the health risks associated with exposure to household air pollution. Promoting improvements to kitchen ventilation and the use of improved cooking stoves, which will help to mitigate the detrimental effects of indoor air pollution on child growth impairment and its long-term effects.

The effect of biomass smoke exposure on quality-of-life among Ugandan patients treated for tuberculosis: A cross-sectional analysis

More than half the global population burns biomass fuels for cooking and home heating, especially in low-middle income countries. This practice is a prominent source of indoor air pollution and has been linked to the development of a variety of cardiopulmonary diseases, including Tuberculosis (TB). The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between current biomass smoke exposure and self-reported quality of life scores in a cohort of previous TB patients in Uganda. We reviewed medical records from six TB clinics from 9/2019-9/2020 and conducted phone interviews to obtain information about biomass smoke exposure. A random sample of these patients were asked to complete three validated quality-of-life surveys including the St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), the EuroQol 5 Dimension 3 Level system (EQ-5D-3L) which includes the EuroQol Visual Analog Scale (EQ-VAS), and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). The cohort was divided up into 3 levels based on years of smoke exposure–no-reported smoke exposure (0 years), light exposure (1–19 years), and heavy exposure (20+ years), and independent-samples-Kruskal-Wallis testing was performed with post-hoc pairwise comparison and the Bonferroni correction. The results of this testing indicated significant increases in survey scores for patients with current biomass exposure and a heavy smoke exposure history (20+ years) compared to no reported smoke exposure in the SGRQ activity scores (adj. p = 0.018) and EQ-5D-3L usual activity scores (adj. p = 0.002), indicating worse activity related symptoms. There was a decrease in EQ-VAS scores for heavy (adj. p = 0.007) and light (adj. p = 0.017) exposure groups compared to no reported exposure, indicating lower perceptions of overall health. These results may suggest worse outcomes or baseline health for TB patients exposed to biomass smoke at the time of treatment and recovery, however further research is needed to characterize the effect of indoor air pollution on TB treatment outcomes.

Effects of indoor air pollution on clinical outcomes in patients with interstitial lung disease: protocol of a multicentre prospective observational study

BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. While there is evidence suggesting that outdoor air pollution affects the clinical course of...

17 Effects of Indoor Air Pollution on Both a Healthy and “an Inflamed” Model of the Alveolar Barrier in Vitro.

Abstract Exposure to indoor air pollutants (IAP) has increased recently, with people spending more time indoors. Increased exposures of IAP on a healthy population are poorly understood, and those with allergic respiratory conditions less so. The objective of this study, therefore, was to implement a well-characterised in vitro model of the human alveolar epithelial barrier (A549+PMA differentiated THP-1 incubated with/without IL-13, IL-5 and IL-4) to determine the effects of a standardised indoor particulate (NIST2583) on both a healthy lung model and modelling a type-II inflammatory response. Using concentrations from the literature, and an environmentally appropriate exposure we investigated 232, 464 and 608ng/cm2 of NIST2583 respectively. Membrane integrity (blue dextran), viability (trypan blue), genotoxicity (micronucleus (Mn) assay) and (pro-) and (anti-)inflammatory effects (IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, and IL-10) were then assessed 24hours post exposure to both models. No changes in Mn frequency or membrane integrity in either model was noted when exposed to any concentration of NIST2583 tested. Though, a significant decrease (p&amp;lt;0.05) in viability at the highest concentration was observed in the healthy model. Whilst cell viability in the “inflamed” model significantly decreased (p&amp;lt;0.05) at the lower concentrations. A significant reduction (p&amp;lt;0.05) in IL-10 and increase in IL-33 was seen after exposure to NIST2583 in the “inflamed” model. Collectively, the results indicate the potential for IAP to cause the onset of an allergic response as well as exacerbating pre-existing allergic conditions. Furthermore, the data imposes the importance of considering unhealthy individuals when investigating the potential health effects of IAP.

Review of Indoor Air Pollution Cause and Remedy

Indoor air pollution is a type of indoor pollution caused by dust particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde, benzene, naphthalene, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Radon, Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other chemicals present in indoor air. The health effects of indoor air pollution are gaining more and more attention in the scientific community. In a literature review presenting information on the sources and health implications of various compounds investigated by researchers, the literature review provides valuable insight into how to protect against indoor pollution using international guidelines. Several research papers are found and valuable insights are gathered in a paper. This paper is used to make indoor air pollution policies and raise awareness. The government can help people become more aware of their interior environments, as well as their origins.

Numerical assessment of mechanical ventilation filtration

The improvements in living standards and air-conditioning have widely been applied, however, the health effects of indoor air pollution have been increasing, especially in the last three years with the coronavirus. To get clean air through the building, filtration is one of the most efficient strategies to optimize indoor air quality. In this regard, a comparative study was done in a classroom at ENTPE laboratory to emphasize filtration’s importance and to test the efficiency of analyzed type PM10_50. The results highlighted allows us to see the impact of control strategy on the efficiency of filtration (air conditions and ventilation systems performances). The numerical feedback has also been analyzed and the results allowed us to find an efficient filter and draw recommendations for their use.

The affecting factors and prevalence rate of sick building syndrome in healthcare workers

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is defined as symptoms that occur while living or working in a certain building but disappear after moving away from the environment. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of indoor air pollutants on the health of employees, the prevalence of SBS in healthcare workers at the university hospital, its relationship with environmental and personal factors and the respiratory system. A questionnaire was applied to 951 healthcare workers who agreed to participate in the study. Having at least one general, one mucosal and one skin symptom every week in the last 3 months was accepted as SBS. Temperature, CO and CO2 levels and relative humidity were measured in different areas of the hospital. The prevalence of SBS was 62.1%. There was a statistically significant relationship between SBS and having a chronic disease (p&lt;0.0001), continuous drug use (p=0.005) and the evaluation of the environment as warm (p=0.042). Having a chronic disease (OR=0.426; 95% CI, 0.228–0.797), the environment often being too warm (OR 0.218; 95% CI, 0.084–0.567) or occasionally too bright (OR=0.300; 95% CI, 0.158–0571) and diagnosed by a doctor due to symptoms (OR=3.209; 95% CI, 1.529–6.731) was found to be significant in forward variable selection method and binary logistic regression analysis. In our study, a relationship was found between physical factors such as temperature, humidity and CO2 level of the environment and personal factors such as stress, chronic disease and SBS. SBS can be prevented by control at the source as well as by administrative and engineering interventions among the employees.

Chronic exposure to indoor air pollutants in association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Chinese schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundWhile increasing studies confirmed the adverse effects of indoor air pollution (IAP) on cardiopulmonary systems, less is known about the impact of IAP on child’s brain. ObjectiveTo explore the associations between multiple indoor air pollutants exposures and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in Chinese schoolchildren. MethodsWe invited 8630 individuals aged 6–12 years from an ongoing school-based cohort study across Guangzhou from April to May 2019. There are 7495 and 7245 children were respectively evaluated on the parent- and teacher-rated Conner’s Rating Scale-Revised, and 7087 children were assessed on both versions. Indoor air pollutants exposures including cooking oil fumes, incense burning, home renovation, and secondhand smoke, were measured using a questionnaire reported by parents and children, and further converted into an index. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were performed to evaluate the associations between indoor air pollutants exposures and ADHD index and the presence of ADHD symptoms. ResultsAs reported by parents, 321 (4.3%) children had ADHD symptoms. Each of the four pollutants was positively associated with higher ADHD index and higher odds of ADHD symptoms. Children exposed to 1, 2, and ≥ 3 types of indoor air pollutants had higher ADHD index and higher odds of ADHD symptoms than those non-exposed children. For parent-reported ADHD symptoms, the odds ratios ranged from 1.24 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92–1.67] to 2.73 (95% CI: 1.86–4.01). These associations were consistent in parent- and teacher-reported ADHD symptoms, and the combination of both. ConclusionIndoor air pollutants exposures were positively associated with higher prevalence of children’s ADHD symptoms assessed by whether parents or teachers.

Sex-differences in the effects of indoor air pollutants and household environment on preschool child cognitive development

Air pollution, outdoor residential environment, indoor household characteristics, and parental mental health are potential factors associated with child development. However, few studies have simultaneously analyzed the association between the aforementioned factors and preschool child (aged 2–5 years) development. This study investigated the effects of those factors on child development and their potential modifying effects. A total of 142 participants were recruited from a birth cohort study in the Greater Taipei Area, and the evaluation was conducted at each participant's home from 2017 to 2020. Child cognitive development was assessed by psychologists using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and the Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence. Household air pollutants, outdoor residential environment, indoor household characteristics, parental mental health, and other covariates were evaluated. Multiple regressions were used to examine the relationships between child development and covariates. Stratified analysis by child sex and parental mental health was conducted. Average indoor air pollutant levels were below Taiwan's Indoor Air Quality Standards. After adjustment for covariates, the indoor total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) level was significantly associated with poor child development (per interquartile range increase in the TVOC level was associated with a 5.1 percentile decrease in child cognitive development). Sex difference was observed for the association between TVOC exposure and child development. Living near schools, burning incense at home, purchasing new furniture, and parental anxiety were related to child development. Indoor TVOC level was associated with poor child cognitive development, specifically with the girls. Indoor and outdoor residential environment and parental anxiety interfered with child development. TVOCs should be used cautiously at home to minimize child exposure. A low-pollution living environment should be provided to ensure children's healthy development.

EFFECT OF BIOMASS SMOKE EXPOSURE ON QUALITY OF LIFE IN UGANDAN PATIENTS TREATED FOR TB

SESSION TITLE: Late Breaking Chest Infections PostersSESSION TYPE: Original Investigation PostersPRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 01:30 pm - 02:30 pmPURPOSE: Over half the global population, particularly those in low-middle income countries, are exposed to indoor air pollution from combustion of biomass fuels. Indoor air pollution is linked to numerous diseases; the WHO estimates biomass smoke contributes to two million deaths yearly. Studies suggest biomass smoke increases tuberculosis (TB) risk, however, the effect of biomass smoke on TB patients’ quality of life (QOL) is unknown. In this study of TB patients in Uganda, we assessed the association of biomass smoke exposure with QOL.METHODS: Medical records for TB patients from 9/2019-9/2020 at a network of six TB clinics in Uganda were reviewed. Biomass exposure, including type and years exposed, was collected by phone. A random sample of patients recruited completed the EQ-5D-3L, a validated tool consisting of five health dimensions, and the St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) measuring respiratory QOL. Patients with no biomass exposure (0 years), light exposure (1-19 years) and heavy exposure (20+ years) were compared by independent-samples-Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc pairwise tests. Confounding by age and income level was examined with linear regression (p<0.05 considered significant).RESULTS: SGRQ was completed by 157 patients; median age 33 (IQR 25.5-41.5); 66.2% male. Kruskal-Wallis testing showed significant differences in total SGRQ between exposure groups in the initial test (H=6.118, p=.047) but not the pairwise comparison (adj. p=.057). SGRQ activity domain score (H=8.357, p=.015) indicated worse symptoms for patients with heavy vs. no exposure (adj. p=.018) without confounding by age and income.EQ-5D-3L was completed by 173 patients; median age 33 (IQR 26-42); 64.7% male. There were significant increases in EQ-5D-3L activity scores (H=12.022, p=.002), which indicates limited activity performance, in high exposure vs. no exposure (adj. p=.002) and light exposure (adj. p=.041) groups, without confounding by age and income. There was a significant decrease in scores for the EQ-Visual Assessment Scale (H=14.355, p<.001), which ranks health overall, for both heavy (adj. p=.004) and light (adj. p=.020) exposure groups vs. no exposure without confounding by age and income.CONCLUSIONS: TB patients with heavy biomass exposure report more activity limitations on SGRQ and EQ-5D-3L. Those with any biomass exposure report lower overall health on EQ-VAS compared to those with no exposure. Our results indicate that more research is needed to determine the effect of indoor air pollution on TB treatment outcomes.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our results indicate that biomass smoke exposure is associated with lower QOL scores on two validated QOL questionnaires in Ugandan TB patients. This may suggest poor baseline health or worse treatment response for TB patients exposed to biomass smoke. Additional prospective research is needed to better characterize the effect of biomass smoke on TB outcomes.DISCLOSURES:No relevant relationships by Peter Jacksonno disclosure on file for Bbuye Mudarshiru;no disclosure on file for Trishul Siddharthan;No relevant relationships by Sophie WennemannNo relevant relationships by Stella Zawedde-Muyanja SESSION TITLE: Late Breaking Chest Infections Posters SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 01:30 pm - 02:30 pm PURPOSE: Over half the global population, particularly those in low-middle income countries, are exposed to indoor air pollution from combustion of biomass fuels. Indoor air pollution is linked to numerous diseases; the WHO estimates biomass smoke contributes to two million deaths yearly. Studies suggest biomass smoke increases tuberculosis (TB) risk, however, the effect of biomass smoke on TB patients’ quality of life (QOL) is unknown. In this study of TB patients in Uganda, we assessed the association of biomass smoke exposure with QOL. METHODS: Medical records for TB patients from 9/2019-9/2020 at a network of six TB clinics in Uganda were reviewed. Biomass exposure, including type and years exposed, was collected by phone. A random sample of patients recruited completed the EQ-5D-3L, a validated tool consisting of five health dimensions, and the St. Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) measuring respiratory QOL. Patients with no biomass exposure (0 years), light exposure (1-19 years) and heavy exposure (20+ years) were compared by independent-samples-Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc pairwise tests. Confounding by age and income level was examined with linear regression (p<0.05 considered significant). RESULTS: SGRQ was completed by 157 patients; median age 33 (IQR 25.5-41.5); 66.2% male. Kruskal-Wallis testing showed significant differences in total SGRQ between exposure groups in the initial test (H=6.118, p=.047) but not the pairwise comparison (adj. p=.057). SGRQ activity domain score (H=8.357, p=.015) indicated worse symptoms for patients with heavy vs. no exposure (adj. p=.018) without confounding by age and income. EQ-5D-3L was completed by 173 patients; median age 33 (IQR 26-42); 64.7% male. There were significant increases in EQ-5D-3L activity scores (H=12.022, p=.002), which indicates limited activity performance, in high exposure vs. no exposure (adj. p=.002) and light exposure (adj. p=.041) groups, without confounding by age and income. There was a significant decrease in scores for the EQ-Visual Assessment Scale (H=14.355, p<.001), which ranks health overall, for both heavy (adj. p=.004) and light (adj. p=.020) exposure groups vs. no exposure without confounding by age and income. CONCLUSIONS: TB patients with heavy biomass exposure report more activity limitations on SGRQ and EQ-5D-3L. Those with any biomass exposure report lower overall health on EQ-VAS compared to those with no exposure. Our results indicate that more research is needed to determine the effect of indoor air pollution on TB treatment outcomes. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our results indicate that biomass smoke exposure is associated with lower QOL scores on two validated QOL questionnaires in Ugandan TB patients. This may suggest poor baseline health or worse treatment response for TB patients exposed to biomass smoke. Additional prospective research is needed to better characterize the effect of biomass smoke on TB outcomes. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Peter Jackson no disclosure on file for Bbuye Mudarshiru; no disclosure on file for Trishul Siddharthan; No relevant relationships by Sophie Wennemann No relevant relationships by Stella Zawedde-Muyanja

Joint Effects of Indoor Air Pollution and Maternal Psychosocial Stress During Pregnancy on Trajectories of Early Childhood Psychopathology

Background and aim: Identifying modifiable risk factors for childhood psychopathology can increase quality of life for children and prevent adult psychopathology. Previous studies have shown that indoor air pollution (IAP) and maternal psychosocial stress (MPS) during pregnancy separately influence psychopathology, but their joint effects are not well understood. Here, we use environmental mixture methodology to estimate joint effects of IAP and MPS during pregnancy on trajectories of early childhood psychopathology. Methods: We used data from the Drakenstein Child Health Study (N=360), a South African birth cohort. Exposure to IAP and MPS was measured during the second trimester of pregnancy. The Childhood Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was administered at ages 2, 3.5, and 5 years to assess child psychopathology. CBCL trajectories were created using latent class linear mixed effects models. Joint effects of IAP and MPS were summarized using principal component (PC) analysis. Individual effects of IAP and MPS and their joint effects were estimated using polytomous logistic regression models, adjusted for maternal age, sex, ancestry, and socioeconomic status. Results: Three distinct classes of CBCL trajectory were identified (class 1 (reference): lowest, class 2: highest and increases, class 3: stable at a medium-high). We consistently observed adverse associations between IAP (e.g., toluene for class 3: OR [95% CI]; 1.35 [1.00, 1.80]) and MPS (e.g., intimate partner violence for class 3: 1.44 [1.03, 1.99)) and CBCL. In the joint effects analysis, PC2 (accounted for 13% of risk factor variation) was significantly associated with class 3 (1.23 [1.03, 1.46]) and class 2 (1.27 [1.04, 1.55]) compared to class 1. Conclusions: Exposure to IAP and MPS during pregnancy was associated with CBCL trajectories indicating increased risk for psychopathology. Estimating joint effects of IAP and MPS is important to identify vulnerable subgroups for intervention to prevent childhood psychopathology. Keywords: indoor air pollution, psychopathology, exposure mixtures

The psychological status mediates the effect of indoor air pollution on recurrent spontaneous abortion

BackgroundIndoor air pollution (IAP) exposure and psychological status have been recognized as important risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes, but their mediating effects on recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) have not been analyzed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the association between IAP and RSA and to examine the mediating effect of psychological status on their association. MethodsThis study included 830 RSA cases and 2156 controls in Gansu province, China. The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) questionnaires were used to collect information on participants’ psychological status. The IAP exposure was collected by the survey on cooking fuel use, kitchen ventilation characteristics, cooking styles, and indoor smoking, etc. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the associations between IAP exposure and RSA. The mediation analysis was used to evaluate the mediation effects of IAP and psychological status on RSA while controlling for confounding. ResultsAmong these cases, 16.87% cooked with unclean cooking fuel (UCF) and 37.00% lacked cooking ventilation, which was much higher than the controls. Active smoking and the use of UCF were associated with RSA, with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.374 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.510–7.541] and 1.822 (95% CI: 1.328–2.500), respectively. We found that the use of a range hood was a protective factor for RSA, with an OR of 0.590 (95% CI: 0.463–0.752). There was a significant mediation effect of depression on the association between IAP and RSA, which accounted for 5.61%–9.22% of the total effect of IAP on RSA. ConclusionThe IAP may be an important risk factor for RSA, which may be intensified by the poor psychological status, and the use of ventilation equipment when cooking is a protective factor for RSA.

Household air pollution and cognitive health among Indian older adults: Evidence from LASI

BackgroundPrevious shreds of evidence have suggested that ambient air pollution is negatively associated with cognitive health among older adults, but whether indoor air pollutants such as cooking fuel, tobacco smoke, and incense burning exposure affect the cognitive score is unknown, especially in limited-resource areas. MethodThe study has utilized the recently released data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI), Wave 1, conducted from 2017 to 2018. A total of 63,883 (≥45 years) older adults were considered for the analysis. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis and ordinary least squares regression were employed in the study. ResultsThe estimated mean cognitive score was 25.4 and the percentage of solid fuel users was 45.6 in India. The cognitive score gap between the two groups was more remarkable in Tamil Nadu (clean fuels: 29.7; solid fuels: 23.9). A significant cognitive score gap was observed for all indoor air pollutants, i.e., cooking fuel (clean: 29.7 and solid fuels: 23.9), exposure to tobacco smoke (not exposed: 25.7 and exposed: 24.4), and exposure to daily incense burning (not exposed: 25.9 and exposed: 24.8). The unadjusted model found that a one-unit increase of using charcoal/lignite/coal reduces the cognitive score by 5 (95% CI: −5.36, −4.61). A similar effect of exposure to tobacco smoke (β = −0.79, 95% CI: −0.89, −0.68) and incense burning (β = −0.28, 95% CI: −0.30, −0.26) was explored in the study. After adjusting socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, indoor air pollution was found to be a significant determinant of cognitive health. ConclusionsThe study has identified exposure to indoor air pollution as a risk factor for cognitive impairment among older adults. Therefore, we suggest an urgent need of promoting existing schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana and creating awareness about the adverse effects of indoor air pollutants for a better future.

Outdoor air pollution enhanced the association between indoor air pollution exposure and hypertension in rural areas of eastern China.

Recently, the high prevalence of hypertension (HTN) has caused serious disease burden. Previous studies mostly focused on the separate association between outdoor or indoor air pollution and HTN, and did not explore their possible interaction with HTN. To explore this issue, this study investigated the relationship between indoor and outdoor air pollution and HTN and their possible interactions among adult residents in 14 rural areas in eastern China. The generalized linear model (GLM) and interplot model were used to evaluate the separate effects and potential interaction of outdoor or indoor air pollutants on HTN. In separate analyses, we found a significant positive association between outdoor and indoor air pollution and HTN, and a significant negative association between range hood use and HTN. In the interaction analysis, outdoor air pollution could significantly enhance the positive effects of indoor air pollution on HTN. In addition, PM2.5 and O3 could significantly reduce the protective effect of range hoods use on HTN. Finally, we found that females were more susceptible to both indoor and outdoor air pollution.

Exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuel and its effect on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

A growing body of research has investigated the relationship between indoor air pollution from solid fuel and depression risk. Our study aimed to elucidate the relationship between indoor air pollution from solid fuel and depression in observational studies. The effect of indoor air pollution on depression was estimated using pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was evaluated by the I-squared value (I2), and the random-effects model was adopted as the summary method. We finalized nine articles with 70,214 subjects. The results showed a statistically positive relationship between the use of household solid fuel and depression (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09-1.36). Subgroup analysis based on fuel type groups demonstrated that indoor air pollution from solid fuel was a higher risk to depression (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1. 10-1.39; I2 = 67.0%) than that from biomass (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.96-1.45; I2 = 66.5%). In terms of fuel use, the use of solid fuel for cooking and heating increased depression risk, and the pooled ORs were 1.21 (95% CI = 1.08-1.36) and 1.23 (95% CI = 1.13-1.34). Exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuel might increase depression risk.

Indoor solid fuel use for cooking and the risk of incidental non-fatal cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study.

ObjectivesThe harm of indoor air pollution to health has gradually attracted attention, but the effect of indoor air pollution from burning solid fuels on incidental non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not well understood. Under these circumstances, this study examined the association between solid fuel use and incidental non-fatal CVD.DesignThe prospective cohort study was conducted in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2018.SettingThe nationally representative survey was conducted in 28 provinces of China.ParticipantsThis study included 13 544 middle-aged and elderly adults without CVD in the baseline survey, and they were followed for 7 years.Outcome measuresFirst incidence of non-fatal CVD (heart disease or stroke).MethodsBased on longitudinal data, Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the effects of solid fuel use and persistent use on incidental CVD events.ResultsDuring the 7-year follow-up period, there were 1533 non-fatal CVD cases. A total of 7310 (54%) participants used solid fuel for cooking at the baseline survey, and 2998 (41%) users continued to use solid fuel. Solid fuel use was associated with incidental non-fatal CVD (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.32) compared with clean fuel, and persistent solid fuel use might lead to a higher risk of incidental non-fatal CVD (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.61) and heart disease (HR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.81). In the subgroup analysis, the relationship remained significant in the female, elderly, rural and hypertensive groups. However, we found no significant interaction between these risk factors and fuel use (all p<0.05).ConclusionsThis cohort study provides evidence for the effects of solid fuel use on incidental non-fatal CVD in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults. Advocating for the use of clean energy and ventilation stoves is important to cardiovascular health.

An Experimental Study of Indoor Air Pollution in New Office Building

Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health. The new building normally has a facing problem with indoor air pollutant. New construction materials and furniture will contribute higher contaminants compared to old materials. The effect of indoor air pollutants can result in human health problems, discomfort and reduces their productivity. The purpose of this present work is to experimental study the indoor air pollution status regarding carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and formaldehyde concentration in an administration office at the new building faculty of mechanical engineering in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The contaminants concentration values are investigated through field measurements and then compared to the limits stated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act standard. The field measurement of contaminant concentration level was conducted at the intersect plane between the vertical plane at the center of the air conditioning diffuser and the horizontal plane at 1.2 m from the floor. The contaminant concentration readings were taken at 6 locations inside the office. The data were conducted during actual working conditions. The reading of contaminants concentration is taken in 30 minutes. One minute is equal to one number of samples. It was found that only the formaldehyde concentration is exceeding the maximum limit.